尽管刘仲敬曾狂妄地以严复自况,并在各种公开场合大谈其玄妙的翻译经,但人们只要肯核查一下网上很容易获得的《英国史》原文,刘译 虚有金玉之表的败絮本质便立马暴露无遗,因为仅仅《英国史》开篇第一自然段,就至少有三处明显的错误。首先,对于“Ingenious men, possessed of leisure, are apt to push their researches beyond the period, in which literary monuments are framed or preserved; without reflecting, that the history of past events is immediately lost or disfigured, when entrusted to memory and oral tradition, and that the adventures of barbarous nations, even if they were recorded, could afford little or no entertainment to men born in a more cultivated age”这段话,刘译为“有闲暇的才智之士自然应该越过文字的丰碑已经得以确立和保存的时代,深入简策微茫、史料残缺的远古。野蛮民族的功业一向依赖记忆 和口传的历史,即使有文字记录残存,也不足以引起比较文明的各民族的兴趣。”但凡粗通英文之人不难看出,刘译完全颠倒了休谟的原意,因为休谟实际上是“反 对”将历史研究延伸至史料微渺的远古时代的。正确的译文应该是:“有闲暇的才智之士易于将他们的研究推至简策微茫、史料残缺的远古,而没有意识到:当人们 将过往史事委诸记忆和口头传统时,不免有立马湮灭或失真之虞,而即便将这些蛮族的历险登录在册,也很少甚或根本就不能为生于更为文明时代之人提供任何消 遣。”将“are apt to(易于)”错译为“自然应该”,而又不明白“without reflecting”这个关联句所起到的转承作用(这或许是漏译的原因),颠倒原意、指鹿为马也就在所难免了;其次,刘译将“the convulsions of a civilized state”译为“文明国家遭受的冲击”也是莫名其妙,好像是“convulsions”是来自国家外部似的。正确的译法应该是“文明国家的悸动”,因为 “convulsions”更多地是指一个国家内部的兴衰沉浮、治乱更替;最后,刘译将“but the sudden, violent, and unprepared revolutions, incident to Barbarians, are so much guided by caprice, and terminate so often in cruelty”译为“在大多数情况下,由于命运的反复无常,突如其来的暴力、意料之外的革命、事出偶然的蛮族入侵大体都以血腥和残暴结局”更是堪称神 译。且不说刘译将逻辑完整、语义明晰的句子胡拆乱分,随意增删文义,居然还把“incident to Barbarians”译成“事出偶然的野族入侵”,真是让人哭笑不得!岂不知“incident”除了“偶然”,还有“相伴相生”之意,再说,何来“入 侵”之说?!其实,这句话的正确译文应是“与蛮族如影随形的突然、暴烈而毫无先兆的剧变大多起于无常而终于残暴”。
这 首先表现在望文生义,对一些常见英文单词的意涵只知其一,不知其二,从而造成大量的错译。比如,不知道“object”除了“反对”还有“目标”之意,故 而将“they could not possibly have any other object than to pillage the provinces for present gain”(除了为眼前的利得而劫掠各省,他们不可能有其他的目标)译为“他们不可能反对劫掠行省,增加目前的收益”(第2卷:中文4,英文2);不知道 “(this)world ”除了“世界”还有“现世”(相对于“来生”)之意,把“besides the severe penalties, which it was in the power of the ecclesiastics to inflict in this world”(德鲁伊僧侣除了有权在现世施加的严厉惩罚)翻译为“德鲁伊僧侣不仅借助教权,用严厉的惩罚把世界束缚在恐怖之中”(第1卷:中文5;英文 21);不知道“economy”除了“经济”还有“俭约”之意,将“want of economy and an ill-judged liberality were Henry’s great defects ”(不知俭约和不得其所的慷慨是亨利最大的缺点)译为“亨利最大的弱点就是财政困难和欠考虑的慷慨赏赐”(第2卷:中文18页,英文13页);不知道 “calling”除了“呼声”还有“职业”之意,把“But there are also some callings, which, though useful and even necessary in a state, bring no particular advantage or pleasure to any individual)(但还有一些职业尽管在国家而言是有益甚至是必需的,但却并给不能给个人带来任何专门的收益或享受)译为“不过,还有另一些呼声认 为:有些行业既有用又必须,却不能给个人带来利益或娱乐”(第3卷:中文110页,英文90-91页);不知道“cause”除了“理由”还有“讼案”之 意,把“The king himself often sat in his court, which always attended his person: He there heard causes and pronounced judgment”(国王经常亲自列席法庭,在那里听讼并判案)译为“国王经常亲自列席法庭,听取双方的理由和法庭的判决”(第1卷:中文366,英文 339);不知道“licence”除了“特许状”(执照)之外还有“放纵”之意,把“They condemned celibacy and monastic vows, and thereby opened the doors of the convents to those who were either tired of the obedience and chastity, or disgusted with the licence, in which they had hitherto lived”(改革者谴责独身和隐修誓言,由此向那些要么厌倦了服从和贞洁,要么对他们此前的放浪生活感到憎恶之人打开了修道院的大门)译为“改革者谴责 独身和隐修誓言,修道院的门户由此打开。有些修道士厌倦了顺从和贞洁,或是不满他们迄今仰仗的特许状,可以就此离开”(第3卷:中文115,英文95); 不知道“raise”除了有“供养”之外还有“提高”之意,把“The committee of danger in April 1648 voted to raise the army to 40,000 men”(1648年4月,危机委员会投票决定将军队增至4万人)译为“1648年4月,危机委员会投票通过决议:供给四万大军”(第6卷:中文108, 英文94);不知道“turn”除了“弯曲”还有“风习、倾向”(natural inclination)之意,把“Such a military turn at that time prevailed among the English”(那时,这种尚武从征之风颇盛)译为“那时,这种曲线从军的方法在英国人当中极其盛行”(第6卷:中文91,英文79),把“by the turn of his character”(由于其性格倾向)翻译成“曲与周旋”(第2卷:中文209,英文180);不知道“drop”除了“落下”之外还有“放弃”之意, 把“the whole clergy gradually dropped the more rigid principles of absolute reprobation and unconditional decrees”(全体神职人员逐渐放弃了绝对谴责和无条件判罚的严苛信条)译为“全体神职人员还是渐渐落入更严厉的信条:绝对为神所弃和无条件的神意” (第5卷:中文110,英文97);不知道“minute”除了“短暂”之外还有“微屑”之意,将“Such circumstances, though minute, it may not be improper to transmit to posterity”(这种情况尽管微不足道,或许并非不宜传诸后世)翻译为“这种情况虽然短暂,大概并非不宜传诸后世”(第5卷:中文197;英文 176);不知道“trial”除了“审判”之外还有“尝试”之意,将“The great men, having proved, by so sensible a trial, the impotence of law and prerogative, would return to their former licenciousness”(经过如此明显的一次试探,显贵们已证实了法律和特权的无能,遂回复到他们此前的恣睢状态)译为“显贵业已践踏法律和特 权,现在意识到以往的恣睢将会重新面临审判”(第5卷:中文218,英文195);不知道“oracle”除了“神谕”之外还有“圣人”之意,将“Sir Edward Coke, the great oracle of English law”(英国法律的大圣人爱德华.科克爵士)翻译为“英国法律的神谕所爱爱德华.科克爵士”(第6卷:中文350,英文302);不知道 “material”除了“材料”之外还有“重要的”之意,将“Waller was the first refiner of English poetry, at least of English rhyme; but his performances still abound with many faults, and what is more material, they contain but feeble and superficial beauties”(沃勒最先致力于精练英诗,至少是英诗的格律;但他的作品仍然错误百出,更为重要的是,它们只含有微弱的浮表之美)翻译为“沃勒最先致 力于精练英诗,至少是精练英诗的韵律;但他的作品仍然错误百出。素材越多,文笔之美反而更肤浅、更虚弱”(第6卷:中文112,英文97);不知道 “minister”除了“大臣”之外还有“牧师”之意,把“Such dangerous societies had been suppressed by Elizabeth; and the ministers in this conference moved the king for their revival”(伊丽莎白压制这种危险的宗教集会,在这次会议上,牧师们游说国王对宗教集会网开一面)译为“伊丽莎白压制这种危险的结社活动,在这次会 议上,诸位大臣游说国王网开一面”(第5卷:中文10,英文7-8);不知道“necessities”除了“必需品”、“必要”之外,还有“经济窘迫” 之意,把“the great necessities , to which the king was reduced”(国王所陷入的巨大的财政窘迫)译为“贬低国王的巨大必要性”(第5卷:中文283,英文253);不知道“assume”除了“认定” 之外还有“获取”之意,把“the king had even assumed powers incompatible with the principles of limited government”(国王甚至已获取了根本就无法与有限政府原则相容的权力)翻译为“甚至他设想中的王权都无法跟有限政府的原则相容”(第5卷:中文 233,英文210);不知道“cultivate”除了“文明、开化”还有“培植、耕作”之意,把“As no man, by reason of this custom, enjoyed the fixed property of any land; to build, to plant, to inclose, to cultivate, to improve, would have been so much lost labour”(由于这种习俗,任何人都没有固定的地产;建设、种植、圈地、培育和改良都是徒耗劳力)译成“由于这种习俗,任何人都没有不动产。建筑、种 植、圈地、文化和进步都无从说起”(第5卷:中文39,英文32);不知道“speculative”除了“推测的”还有“玄思性的、理论性的”之意,把 “the king’s despotism was more speculative than practical”(国王的专制主义更多是理论上的,而非实践上的)译为“国王的专制主义主要是思考推测,而不是实际行动”(第5卷:中文37,英文 30)。
刘不仅对许多英文单词的意涵只知其一,不知其二,而且还搞不懂一些极其简单、极其习见的英文短语——如“on this head”、“in some measure”、“It is however remarkable”,结果出现了一些让人啼笑皆非的译法:将“Edward, that he might give them satisfaction on this head, had applied to Lewis of Bavaria, then emperor”(爱德华在这方面可以满足他们,已向当时的神圣罗马帝国皇帝巴伐利亚的路易提出了诉请)译成“他们的首领爱德华就向当时的皇帝巴伐利亚的 路易申请,以便让他们满意”(第2卷:中文163,英文140);将“This remark is, in some measure, though imperfectly, justified by the conduct of Edward III”(这种评论尽管在某种程度上不尽完善,但却由爱德华的行为予以坐实)译成“这就是说:爱德华有些举措虽然不完善,却有正当理由”(第2卷:中文 217,英文186);将“It is however remarkable……”(然而,值得注意的是……)译成 “无论多么异乎寻常……”(第6卷:中文111,英文96)。
然而,对刘仲敬构成最致命挑战的还是他根本就看不懂的英文语法和句式。正是由于这种 根本性的缺陷,导致译文错谬百出,从而不仅严重歪曲了《英国史》的原意,而且也对中文读者造成了无可估量的误导。比如将“Sensible, that the people, at all times, especially when their understandings are obstructed by ignorance and bad education, are not much susceptible of speculative instruction”([阿尔弗雷德]意识到,在所有的时代,人民都不易接受玄奥的教导,尤其当人民因无知和缺乏教育而民智未开时)翻译成“在任何时 代,即使是蒙昧的风气和恶劣的教育闭塞了人类的慧根,才智之士也不易流于臆断”(第1卷:中文67;英文70);将“By an act of the fifth of this reign, it is made felony to cut out any person’s tongue or put out his eyes”(亨利在位第五年的一项法案将挖眼、割舌列为重罪)翻译为“亨利在位第五年的一项法案规定以挖眼、割舌惩治重罪”(第2卷:中文276,英文 245);将“Of all men, nature seemed least to have fitted him for being a tyrant”(就本性而言,他是所有人中最不适合做暴君的)翻译为“所有的人自然视他为暴君”(第2卷:中文50,英文37);将“Reasons for and against Toleration”(支持和反对宽容的理由)翻译成“反对宽容的论证”(第3卷:中文337,英文290);将“unwilling to sacrifice to politics his inclination”(不愿为政治牺牲他自己的偏好)翻译为“不愿牺牲政治偏好”(第5卷:中文27,英文23);将“They aspire not to the sublime; still less to the pathetic ”(它们无意于崇高之情,更无意于感伤之情)翻译为“(它们)不能激发崇高之情,充其量不过感伤而已”(第6卷:中文113,英文97);将 “the king full of hopes of receiving supply; the commons, of circumscribing his prerogative”(国王满心希望收到补助金,而下议院则满心希望限制国王特权)翻译为“国王对补助金寄予厚望。下议院对国王的特权多加限制”(第 5卷:中文31,英文26);将“yet Henry scrupled not to tread in his footsteps, and to encourage the same abuses in elections”(然而亨利出于顾虑,既没有重蹈理查德的覆辙,也没有在选举时鼓励同一种滥权)翻译成“但亨利毫不踌躇,如法炮制,照旧鼓励操纵选举 的滥权行径”(第2卷:中文273,英文242);将“To these passions of Henry, as well as to his suspicious politics, we are to ascribe the measures, which he embraced two days after the battle of Bosworth”(我们将亨利在博斯沃思战役两天后所采取的举措,完全归因于他的这些激情及猜忌性政治)翻译为“亨利意气用事、心存猜忌的政策,我们归 因于他在博斯沃思战役两天后采取的举措”(第3卷:中文6,英文4);将“the protector, from a spirit of ostentation, ordered them to be transported by land to London”(护国公出于炫耀,下令将战利品由陆路运往伦敦)翻译为“护国公无意炫耀,下令将战利品由陆路运往伦敦”(第6卷:中文61,英文51); 将“And he entirely commanded their affectionate regard, by his abilities and success in almost every enterprize, which he had hitherto undertaken”(凭借在此前所从事各项事业中所展现出来的能力以及所取得的成功,他[克伦威尔]完全赢得了军队的衷心爱戴)翻译为“迄今为止,将 军几乎战无不胜。他处处体贴军队”(第6卷:中文63,英文53);将“But the spectacle the most shocking to every one, who retained any sentiment either of honour or humanity, still remained”(但那种让所有仍怀有荣誉或人道情感之人深感震惊的场景仍历历在目)翻译为“但围观者大为震惊地发现,所有的俘虏仍然保持着幽默和人 性”(第2卷:中文265,英文236);将“The more prudent covenanters had concluded, that their pretensions being so contrary to the interests, and still more to the inclinations of the king”(更审慎的盟约派已经得出结论:他们的主张不仅与国王的利益严重冲突,而且更与国王的性向相悖)翻译为“更审慎的盟约派已经得出结论:他们的权 利主张比实际利益更倾向于国王”(第5卷:中文220;英文197);将“The desire of power, likewise, which had engaged Charles in these precipitate measures, had less proceeded, we may observe, from ambition than from love of ease”(同样,我们或许可以注意到,促使查理做出这些鲁莽举动的权力欲与其说源于野心,不如说源于对闲适的喜好)翻译为“这些鲁莽的举动需要强烈的权 力欲,国王的动力每况愈下。我们已经看到,查理爱野心不如爱舒适”(第6卷:中文204,英文177);将“But the effects of these dispositions on both sides became not very sensible, till towards the conclusion of his reign”(直到其统治末年,这些倾向对于双方的后果才变得十分明显)翻译为“不过直到本朝末年,双方的立场倾向都没有收到满意的效果”(第5卷:中文 27,英文23);将“The feudal system, with which the liberty, much more the power of the commons, was totally incompatible”(封建制度与人民的自由,尤其是与人民的权力水火不容)翻译成“封建制度及其自由与人民权利的增长水火难容”(第2卷:中文 44,英文33);将“In all these transactions appears clearly the opinion, which Elizabeth had entertained of the duty and authority of parliaments”(透过所有这些事务,伊丽莎白对议会的义务和权威所秉持的看法便一目了然)翻译成“所有这些情况清楚地表明了国会对伊丽莎白的忠 诚和敬畏”(第4卷:中文117,英文99);将“Had the king been impowered to levy general taxes at pleasure, he would naturally have abstained from these oppressive expedients”(假如国王曾被授权随意征收普遍性的赋税,他自然不会求助于这些压迫性的权宜之计)翻译成“国王已经掌握了随意普遍征税的权力,自 然不会放弃这些压迫性的权宜之计”(第3卷:中文53,英文41)。
以刘的这种英文水准,不难想见,在面对一些更为复杂的句型时,出现各种与原义 截然相反,甚至明显违背历史常识的“低级错误”就势所难免了!比如将“These clowns, who assume to themselves the name of barons, abound in every thing, while we are reduced to necessities”(那帮自命为男爵的乡巴佬们无所不有,而我们却在经济上入不敷出、捉襟见肘)翻译为“我们筹集必需品,已经焦头烂额,那些装腔作 势、自称男爵的小丑还在四处插手”(第2卷:中文18,英文13);比如将“His wit, to use the expression of one who knew him well, and who was himself a good judge, could not be said so much to be very refined or elevated, qualities apt to beget jealousy and apprehension in company, as to be a plain, gaining, well-bred, recommending kind of wit”(用一位对他知之甚深、其本人也是一位优秀的鉴赏家的话来说,他的机智与其说是那种过于精雅或过于高邈而易于招致猜忌和忧惧的那种,不如说是平 易、招人喜欢、有教养和值得推荐的那种)翻译成“最熟悉他的人士说,他的机智本身就是最好的法官。他的机智精练高雅无以复加,足以招致同伴的嫉妒和恐惧。 他的机智质朴、迷人、有教养,使他受人欢迎”(第6卷:中文330,英文285);将“They then openly asserted, that the levying of tonnage and poundage without consent of parliament, was a palpable violation of the ancient liberties of the people, and an open infringement of the petition of right, so lately granted”(然后,他们公开宣称:未经国会同意便征收吨税和磅税,这一行为明显地侵害了英格兰人民的古老自由,是对新近获批的《权利请愿书》的一次 公然践踏)翻译成“然后,他们公开宣称:国会没有批准吨税和磅税,明显侵犯了国民的古老自由,公然违背了最近批准的《权利请愿书》”(第5卷:中文 168,英文149),于是乎,经刘仲敬这么一译,侵犯国民的“古老自由”并践踏《权利请愿书》的罪魁祸首俨然变成国会了!不仅如此,刘仲敬还将斯密评价 休谟的这段话“And that gaiety of temper, so agreeable in society, but which is so often accompanied with frivolous and superficial qualities, was in him certainly attended with the most severe application, the most extensive learning, the greatest depth of thought and a capacity in every respect the most comprehensive”(虽然这种欢快的性情在社交中最令人愉悦,但它常常与那些轻佻浮薄的品性相生相伴,但在休谟那里却当仁不让地与最严谨的努 力、最广博的学识、最深刻的思想、最广泛的能力结合在一起)译成“他天性愉悦、合群易与,但他最严格的操守、最渊博的学识、最深刻的思想、包罗万象的理解 力经常伴随着轻佻、肤浅的品质”(第1卷:中文11,英文19),天可怜见,经刘仲敬这么一译,斯密简直就是在拐弯抹角地骂休谟是轻佻浮薄之徒!
第二、译者缺乏翻译《英国史》所应具备的基本史学素养。
尽 管刘仲敬以“世界史”为专攻,尽管有学界前辈以“学贯古今中西”对其倍加称誉,但是,当他史无前例地将“包税商”(farmers)翻译为“农夫”(如 “关税由农夫[farmers]征收,而非由专员征收”,“多年来,海关用农夫[farmers]和关员征收磅税、吨税和新税”,分别见第5卷:中文 113、240,英文100、215),当他把“亚琛和约”(Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle)翻译成“六章条约”(第6卷:中文142,英文124),当他将“恩税”(benevolences)翻译成“福利税” (“本朝第一次出现征收福利税[benevolences]的记录”,见第2卷,中文262,英文226)时,我们便不难得出这样一个让人大跌眼镜,但却 颠扑不破的结论:刘仲敬不仅英文不过关,而且还缺乏翻译《英国史》所应具备的最低限度的史学素养。
其实,像我上面所提到的这种让人瞠目结舌、匪夷 所思的专业性错谬在刘译中比比皆是。简单一点的比如把“law of nations”(万民法)译为“邦国法律”(“国王襁褓即位,现年三十六岁,居然对邦国法律(law of nations)如此无知,似乎令人惊讶”,第5卷:中文20,英文14);把“the Roman pontiffs”(历任罗马教皇)译为“历任罗马主教”(第1卷:中文172,英文164);把“civil magistrates”(民政官员)译为“治安法官”(第2卷:中文282,英文249);把“Institution of the garter”(创立嘉德勋位)译为“袜带授勋”(第2卷:中文193,英文168);把“the commission of trailbaston”(刑事委任状)译为“徭役”(“恢复供应徭役”[the renewal of the commission of trailbaston],见第2卷:中文220,英文188);把“募兵委任状”(commission of array)译为“专员制”(“本朝首创专员制”[The first commission of array, which we meet with, was issued in this reign],见第2卷:中文299,英文263);把“purveyors”(承办商、采买人)译为“包税人”(第2卷:中文257,英文234);把 “the Indies”(西印度群岛或印度群岛)译为“印度”,结果无中生有地让西班牙的Phillip II到“印度”迫害异端(“他颁布严令,在西班牙、意大利、印度[the Indies]和低地国家迫害异端”,见第4卷:中文42,英文35);把“positive statute”(成文法、实在法)翻译成“肯定性法案”(“英国司法体系确定了基本原则:国王虽然不能准许道德上的非法行径,却能许可仅仅由肯定性法案 [positive statute]禁止的行为”,见第6卷:中文350,英文302)。更有甚者,由于不知道“conversion”有“宗教改宗”之意,从而将“but the generous nature of the prince was averse to such sanguinary methods of conversion”(但国王天性慷慨,对这种以暴力胁迫改宗的方法心存厌恶)译为“但国王天性慷慨,不愿意以这样残暴的方式改变态度”(第2卷:中文 281-282,英文249);不知“elect”有“选民”之意,从而将“that doctrine affords the highest subject of joy, triumph, and security to the supposed elect, and exalts them, by infinite degrees, above the rest of mankind”(这种教义为假定的选民提供了最高层次的欢愉、胜利和安全,并将他们无限度地抬高,从而高踞于其余人类之上)翻译为“这种教义为设想的选 择提供了最高层次的欢愉、凯旋和稳固,无限升华,高踞于其余人类之上”(第5卷:中文110,英文97);不知“janizaries”有“土耳其近卫 军”之意,从而将“The military confessors were farther encouraged in disobedience to superiors, by that spiritual pride, to which a mistaken piety is so subject. They were not, they said, mere janizaries; mercenary troops inlisted for hire, and to be disposed of at the will of their paymasters”(由于这种精神骄傲——错谬的虔诚常常滋生这种精神骄傲,军队里的忏悔师进一步受到鼓励,以不服从上级为能事;他们说:他们可不是 土耳其近卫军,那种拿人钱财、唯东家是从的雇佣军)翻译为“军队忏悔师误解虔诚的真义,以精神的骄傲进一步鼓励了忤逆犯上的行径。他们说:他们可不是区区 守夜人,像唯利是图的雇佣兵一样拿人钱财、听凭东家使唤”(第5卷:中文393,英文359);不知“divan”有“东方国家的议事厅”之意,从而将 “After all this discourse, more worthy of a Turkish divan than of an English house of commons, according to our present idea of this assembly”(毕竟,根据我们目前的国会观念,这种话语更适合土耳其的议事厅而非英格兰的下议院)翻译为“根据我们目前的国会观念,这种谈论更适合 土耳其咖啡馆,而非英格兰下议院”(第4卷:中文276,英文242)。当然,其中最令人瞠目结舌的当属把“The great charter had laid the foundation of this valuable part of liberty; the petition of right had renewed and extended it”(《大宪章》奠定了宝贵自由的基石;而《权利请愿书》则更新并扩展了《大宪章》的内容)译成“《大宪章》奠定了宝贵自由的基石。请愿权不仅复兴,而 且扩展”(第6卷:中文270,英文235),居然能把“the petition of right”译成“请愿权”,这实在是滑天下之大稽!
如 果说上面如此简单的专业术语刘仲敬都能译错,那么凡涉及到较强专业知识的翻译就更可想而知了!如想当然地将“barons of exchequer”(财政法院的法官)译为“财务卿”(“他们宣布,每一届国会开幕第三天,国王就应该重新任命这些官员,只有两院法官和财务卿 [barons of exchequer],见第2卷:中文172-173,英文147),将“The Parliament of Paris”(巴黎高等法院)译为“巴黎的国会”(“巴黎的国会身为法律和正义的尴尬之城[The parliament of Paris itself, the seat of law and justice]”,见第4卷:中文44,英文37;而且撇开原文不说,这句中译本身就是文理不通的病句!),将英国内战史上有着特殊内涵的专有名词 “the good old cause”(美好的古老事业)翻译成“古老和正当的目标”(第6卷:中文84,英文73)。此外,由于不知道“cautionary towns”为荷兰独立战争时期英格兰应邀在荷兰所设立的“警戒城镇”,从而想当然地将“cautionary towns delivered”(第5卷第47章的“分标题”,意为“交还警戒城镇”)翻译为“市镇防范于未然”(第5卷:中文41页,英文38);由于不知道 “Statute of Mortmain”为《没收法》或《死手法》之意,不知道“use”作为法律术语意指“用益设计”,从而将“The Statutes of Mortmain was often evaded afterwards by the invention of uses”(此后,人们常常通过发明各种“用益设计”来规避《死手法》)莫名其妙地翻译为“以后,永业立法经常以虚构用途的方法规避”(第2卷:中文 110页,英文90页);由于不知道“states”、“estates”尚有“等级会议”之意,从而悖谬地将“often without consent of the states or great council”翻译为“经常不经国家(states)或大议事会同意”(第2卷:中文314,英文293),将“without any advice of parliament or estates”翻译为“没有国会或有产者(estates)的建议”(第5卷:中文37,英文37);由于对霍布斯及英国内战史事缺乏最基本的了解,从 而将休谟品藻霍布斯的这句话——“Timidity is the principal fault”错误地翻译为“羞怯是他遭到责备的主要缺点”(第6卷:中文114,英文98)。尽管“timidity”除了“胆小”还有“羞怯”之意,但 但凡了解霍布斯生平或知晓霍布斯曾自称是“恐惧”的“孪生子”这一典故的,都会毫不犹豫地将其译为“胆小畏葸是其主要的缺点”;由于不知道“权力源于财 产”是17、18世纪英国宪政学说中的一句至理名言,从而将休谟的“As power naturally follows property, this revolution alone gave great security to the foreigners”这句话无厘头地翻译为“因为权力源于地产,这场革命就已经保证了外国人的地位”(第1卷,中文162,英文156)。
译错 也就罢了,如果能一路走到黑,“持之以恒”地错下去,那也算错得有风格、有节操!但刘仲敬则不然,他不仅译错,而且要变着花样错!当他把“the statute of provisors”(圣职法)一会儿译成“《临时条例》”(第3卷:中文149,英文122),一会儿译成“补充条例”(第3卷:中文156,英文 128);当他把“dispensing power”(“搁置权”或“豁免权”)一会儿译成“授权”(第2卷:中文252,英文218),一会儿译成“执行权”(第2卷:中文17,英文12), 一会儿又译成“王权强化”(第2卷:中文219,英文188);当他把“purveyance”(“先买权”或“采买权”)一会儿译成“王室供应徭役” (第2卷:中文219,英文187),一会译成“徭役”(2卷,中文165,英文142),一会儿译成“补给征用权”(2卷:中文24,英文17),一会 儿又译成“食物供给”(第4卷:中文289,英文258)时,你不能不怀疑这不仅是一个史学素养不达标的译者,而且也是一个心思游移、敷衍塞责的译者!
第三,译者态度轻薄倨傲,对原著缺乏最起码的尊重。
如果说英文不过关、史学素养不到位尚属“水平”问题,那么,我下面所要说的就属于“态度”问题了。
首 先,刘译中存在着大量的漏译。在述及《人身保护法》时,休谟曾对其负面影响进行了某种颇具保守主义之特色的反思,也即“It must, however, be confessed, that there is some difficulty to reconcile with such extreme liberty the full security and the regular police of a state, especially the police of great cities. It may also be doubted, whether the low state of the public revenue in this period, and of the military power, did not still render some discretionary authority in the crown necessary to the support of government”(第6卷:英文235),但就是这么一段既长、又十分重要的段落却在刘译中莫名其妙地不见了踪影(它本应该出现在刘译第6卷第 270页)!又比如,在论及“光荣革命”与英国自由体制之间的关系时,休谟曾说过这么一段被后世研究者频频“引述”的话,也即“And it may justly be affirmed, without any danger of exaggeration, that we, in this island, have ever since enjoyed, if not the best system of government, at least the most entire system of liberty, that ever was known amongst mankind”(第6卷:英文338),但同样,经过刘仲敬的翻译,这段话也神秘地“被失踪”了(它本应该出现在刘译第6卷第391页)!实际上,因这 种敷衍塞责的翻译态度而被遗漏、“被失踪”的段落在刘译中又是何其多也!
其次,“指鹿为马”,错把“杭州”当“汴州”。正是由于译者对原著倨傲、 对译事轻薄,从而导致了许多“指鹿为马”,错把“杭州”作“汴州”的错误。比如将“Cassivelaunus,one of their petty princes”翻译为“他们最杰出的王子卡斯维拉努斯”(第1卷:中文6;英文22)。在这里,刘仲敬显然是把“petty”误认为是“pretty” 了!又比如将“the ecclesiastics called aloud for the punishment of his disciples”翻译为“神职人员声嘶力竭地要求惩治他的教义”(2卷:中文265,英文236)。在这里,刘仲敬又显然是把“disciples” (门徒、信徒)误认作“principles”了!又比如将“His army was retained entirely by pay, and looked on the quarrel with the same indifference, which naturally belongs to mercenary troops, without possessing the discipline, by which such troops are commonly distinguished”翻译为“王师完全为军饷作战,对双方的争论同样无动于衷。雇佣军自然如此,没有军队通常的原则”(第5卷:中文218,英文 195),在这里刘仲敬显然又把“discipline”误认作“principle”了!还比如,将“The more early French writers are liable to the same reproach. Voiture, Balzac, even Corneille, have too much affected those ambitious ornaments”翻译成“越早期的法兰西作家越容易受到同样的批评。伏尔泰、巴尔扎克,甚至高乃伊都纵情于华丽词句”(第5卷:中文125;英文 108)。在这里,刘仲敬又显然是把“voiture”看成是“Voltaire”了!又比如,将“he purposed by arbitrary power to establish liberty, and, in prosecution of his imagined religious purposes, he thought himself dispensed from all the ordinary rules of morality, by which inferior mortals must allow themselves to be governed”翻译为“他企图借助武断权力,奠定自由。他实现想象的宗教目标,自以为不受任何普通道德规范的约束。低级的规范必须从属于高级”(第5 卷,中文409,英文371)。在这里,显而易见,刘仲敬又把“inferior mortals”(低贱的普罗大众)误认作是“inferior morality”了!
最后,在翻译时罔顾原文,信“笔”雌黄。如将“he again returned with his army into Gaul, and left the authority of the Romans more nominal than real in this island”翻译为“(他)再度凯师高卢,留置罗马官守,外示归治、内实羁縻”(第1卷:中文6-7,英文22),原义不过是指“他再度与军队一道回师 高卢,留在这个岛上的罗马人的权威更多是名义上的而非实际上的”,我不知道何来“外示归治、内实羁縻”之说!又比如,将“but he himself had the misfortune, he believed, to be the first Christian man that had ever married his brother’s widow”翻译成“但他相信,他不幸成了第一个娶了寡婶的基督徒”(第3卷:中文157-8,英文129),明明是“寡嫂”,怎么在刘的笔下就升格成 “寡婶”了呢!同样,将“Oxford is said to have payed no less than fifteen thousand marks, as a composition for his offence”译为“据说,牛津伯爵至少为这次冒犯付出了一万五千镑贡献”(第3卷:中文60,英文46),明明是一万五千“马克”,怎么在刘的笔下就 变戏法地成了一万五千“镑”了呢!又比如将“We may remark, that a man of a thousand marks of stock was rated equal to one of two hundred pounds a-year”译为“我们必须注意到,一个人拥有一千马克动产都相当于岁入一千镑”(第3卷:中文361,英文309),分明是“两百镑”,怎么在刘的笔 下就突然增值了五倍,变成了“一千镑”了呢!又比如将“What Fitz-harris’s intentions were, cannot well be ascertained: It is probable, as he afterwards asserted”翻译为“埃弗雷德的意图难以判断,大概跟他后来的表示一样”(第6卷:中文296,英文257),明明是菲茨-哈里斯,怎么就“李代桃 僵”成了“埃弗雷德”了呢!