Buchanan和Gordon 的名作《The calculus of Consent》和Weingast的著名论文《A RationalChoice Perspective on CongressionalNorms》用不同的数学模型说明了这个问题。我当然不会在这里重复他们的模型(说实话,我也还没有吃透证明过程),但是他们的基本逻辑是非常清晰易懂的:正因为多数人中的任何成员都有变成少数人的可能,为了规避可能出现的被迫害的风险,他们必须想出一种机制来保护少数人。也就是说,多数人和少数人的身份是随时在互换的,保护少数人就等于保护多数人!多数人即使都是自私自利的混蛋也不要紧,他们因为担心别人也对他们耍混蛋,所以会自愿地限制多数人耍混蛋的权力。
Buchanan, James M. and Gordon Tullock. 1962. The Calculus of Consent:Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. University of MichiganPress.
McGann, Anthony. 2006. Logic of Democracy: Reconciling Equality,Deliberation, and Minority Protection. University of Michigan Press.p64-65.
Miller, Nicholas. 1980. “A New Solution Set for Tournaments andMajority Voting: Further Graph-Theoretical Approaches to the Theory ofVoting.” American Journal of Political Science. 1:68-96.
Weingast, Barry. 1979. A Rational Choice Perspective on Congressional Norms. American Journal of Political Science. 23: 245-62.